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In bioinformatics, neighbor joining is a bottom-up (agglomerative) clustering method for the creation of phylogenetic trees, created by Naruya Saitou and Masatoshi Nei in 1987. [1] Usually based on DNA or protein sequence data, the algorithm requires knowledge of the distance between each pair of taxa (e.g., species or sequences) to create the ...
Masatoshi Nei was born in 1931 Japan, and his lifelong interest in biology and genetics may have its roots in his upbringing on a farm, in a family of farmers. [1] After completing his undergraduate and doctorate degrees in Japan, Nei emigrated to the United States in 1969. [ 1 ]
Figure 1: Genetic distance map by Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1994) [1] Genetic distance is a measure of the genetic divergence between species or between populations within a species, whether the distance measures time from common ancestor or degree of differentiation. [2]
The two transversion types are those that conserve the weak/strong properties of the nucleotides (i.e., and , denoted by symbol [4]) and those that conserve the amino/keto properties of the nucleotides (i.e., and , denoted by symbol [4]).
The project for developing this software was initiated by the leadership of Masatoshi Nei in his laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University in collaboration with his graduate student Sudhir Kumar and postdoctoral fellow Koichiro Tamura. [2] Nei wrote a monograph (pp. 130) outlining the scope of the software and presenting new statistical ...
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Step 2/4 (stylized as step 2/4) is the debut solo extended play (EP) by South Korean singer and actress, Gain, a member from girl group Brown Eyed Girls. With the help of executive producer Jo Yeong-cheol and Lee Min-soo , the album was created with a sexy, spirited, striking and mature theme.
Figure 2 shows a scanning tunneling microscopy topographic image of a step edge that shows many of the features in Figure 1. Figure 3 shows a crystal surface with steps, kinks, adatoms, and vacancies in a closely packed crystalline material, [ 3 ] which resembles the surface featured in Figure 2.