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A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. In the case of bacterial viruses ( bacteriophages ), proviruses are often referred to as prophages . However, proviruses are distinctly different from prophages and these terms should not be used interchangeably.
A prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome that is integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid within the bacterial cell. [1] Integration of prophages into the bacterial host is the characteristic step of the lysogenic cycle of temperate phages.
If the prophage is induced (by UV light for example), the phage genome is excised from the bacterial chromosome and initiates the lytic cycle, which culminates in lysis of the cell and the release of phage particles. Generalized transduction (see below) occurs in both cycles during the lytic stage, while specialized transduction (see below ...
Virology is often considered a subfield of microbiology or of medical science. virome viropexis The active uptake by a host cell of viral particles (typically bound to receptors on the cell surface) by a non-specific pinocytic process. [3] Viropexis is an important method of viral penetration of host cells. virophage viroplasm virostatic
Structural model at atomic resolution of bacteriophage T4 [1] The structure of a typical myovirus bacteriophage Anatomy and infection cycle of bacteriophage T4.. A bacteriophage (/ b æ k ˈ t ɪər i oʊ f eɪ dʒ /), also known informally as a phage (/ ˈ f eɪ dʒ /), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.
The bacterial strain carrying the prophage is known as a lysogenic strain. [9] Lysogenization is strain-specific, so it allows for differentiation among different strains of bacteria within the same species. [10] The prophage may be chemically or physically induced to revert to the lytic pathway. [6]
In addition to being a LexA protease, the RecA protein also catalyzes a few novel DNA reactions such as annealing of single-stranded DNA and transfer of strands. The SOS system has enhanced DNA-repair capacity, including excision and post-replication repair, enhanced mutagenesis and prophage induction.
This int protein integrates the phage DNA into the host chromosome (see "Prophage Integration"). No Q results in no extension of the P R' promoter's reading frame, so no lytic or structural proteins are made. Elevated levels of int (much higher than that of xis) result in the insertion of the lambda genome into the hosts genome (see diagram).