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Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) or laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx, oropharynx and/or the nasopharynx. [4] [5] LPR causes respiratory symptoms such as cough and wheezing [6] and is often associated with head and neck complaints such as dysphonia, globus pharyngis, and dysphagia. [7]
For example, people with acid reflux disease, especially those with Throatburn Reflux usually have swollen vocal cords due to years of acid damage. Untreated acid-injured vocal cords will not have as sharp reflexes as vocal cords that are not swollen. Therefore, aspiration is common in people with chronic acid reflux disease.
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It is separated from the hyoid bone by a mucous bursa, which allows for the upward movement of the larynx during swallowing. [1] Its middle thicker part is termed the median thyrohyoid ligament. [1] Its lateral thinner portions are pierced by the superior laryngeal vessels and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. [1]
The cricoid cartilage is the only laryngeal cartilage to form a complete circle around the airway. It is smaller yet thicker and tougher than the thyroid cartilage above. [1] It articulates superiorly [citation needed] with the thyroid cartilage, and the paired arytenoid cartilage. Inferiorly, the trachea attaches onto it. [1]
The glottis closes (muscles innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve) and the vocal cords contract to shut the larynx. The abdominal muscles contract to accentuate the action of the relaxing diaphragm; simultaneously, the other expiratory muscles contract. These actions increase the pressure of air within the lungs.
The laryngeal cavity (cavity of the larynx) extends from the laryngeal inlet downwards to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it is continuous with that of the trachea. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] It is divided into two parts by the projection of the vocal folds , between which is a narrow triangular opening, the rima glottidis .
Laryngeal cartilages are cartilages which surround and protect the larynx. They form during embryonic development from pharyngeal arches. There are a total of nine laryngeal skeleton in humans: Thyroid cartilage - unpaired; Cricoid cartilage - unpaired; Epiglottis - unpaired; Arytenoid cartilages - paired; Corniculate cartilages - paired