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For example, if one has a List reference in Java, one cannot invoke clone() on that reference because List specifies no public clone() method. Implementations of List like Array List and Linked List all generally have clone() methods, but it is inconvenient and bad abstraction to carry around the class type of an object.
For example, if one has a List reference in Java, one cannot invoke clone() on that reference because List specifies no public clone() method. Actual implementations of List like ArrayList and LinkedList all generally have clone() methods themselves, but it is inconvenient and bad abstraction to carry around the actual class type of an object.
Another example in JavaScript uses the built-in methods of Array: filter somethings . filter ( x => x . count > 10 ) . sort (( a , b ) => a . count - b . count ) . map ( x => x . name ) Note that in JavaScript filter and map return a new shallow copy of the preceding array but sort operates in place.
For example, strings and arrays are passed by reference, but when modified, they are duplicated if they have non-zero reference counts. This allows them to act as value types without the performance problems of copying on assignment or making them immutable. [8] In the Qt framework, many types are copy-on-write ("implicitly shared" in Qt's terms).
adds a value into an object or array. Remove removes a value from an object or array. Replace replaces a value. Logically identical to using remove and then add. Copy copies a value from one path to another by adding the value at a specified location to another location. Move
load onto the stack a reference from an array aastore 53 0101 0011 arrayref, index, value → store a reference in an array aconst_null 01 0000 0001 → null push a null reference onto the stack aload 19 0001 1001 1: index → objectref load a reference onto the stack from a local variable #index: aload_0 2a 0010 1010 → objectref
The client, instead of writing code that invokes the "new" operator on a hard-coded class name, calls the clone() method on the prototype, calls a factory method with a parameter designating the particular concrete derived class desired, or invokes the clone() method through some mechanism provided by another design pattern.
For example, to perform an element by element sum of two arrays, a and b to produce a third c, it is only necessary to write c = a + b In addition to support for vectorized arithmetic and relational operations, these languages also vectorize common mathematical functions such as sine. For example, if x is an array, then y = sin (x)