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English: Histology of Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying merocrine secretion of bright red cytoplasmic granules. H&E stain. - Source for merocrine: Matsubara F (1977). "Morphological study of the Paneth cell. Paneth cells in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and duodenum of man.".
Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. [4]
The nuclei of the cells (located at the outer edges of the cells lining the walls of the crypts) are stained blue-gray with haematoxylin. As seen in panels C and D, crypts are about 75 to about 110 cells long. The average crypt circumference is 23 cells. [8] From the images, an average is shown to be about 1,725 to 2530 cells per colonic crypt.
Subsets of sensory intestinal epithelial cells synapse with nerves, [9] and are known as neuropod cells. [10] Paneth cells produce antimicrobial peptides such as human alpha-defensin. [11] [12] Microfold cells (commonly referred to as M cells) sample antigens from the lumen and deliver them to the lymphoid tissue associated with the mucosa (MALT).
Absorptive cell: Epithelium/intestinal glands: Digestion and absorption of nutrients in chyme Goblet cell: Epithelium/intestinal glands: Secretion of mucus Paneth cell: Intestinal glands: Secretion of the bactericidal enzyme lysozyme; phagocytosis G cells: Intestinal glands of duodenum: Secretion of the hormone intestinal gastrin: I cells
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue lies throughout the intestine, covering an area of approximately 260–300 m 2. [5] In order to increase the surface area for absorption, the intestinal mucosa is made up of finger-like projections (), covered by a monolayer of epithelial cells, which separates the GALT from the lumen intestine and its contents.
Hyperplasia of Brunner glands with a lesion greater than 1 cm was initially described as a Brunner gland adenoma. Several features of these lesions favor their designation as hamartomas, including the lack of encapsulation; the mixture of acini, smooth muscles, adipose tissue, Paneth cells, and mucosal glands; and the lack of any cell atypia ...
Conversion of progenitors and differentiated cells into goblet cells by conditional deletion: 15959515 [59] REG4: Marker for enteroendocrine cells: 26287467 [60] SOX9: Required for paneth cell differentiation: 17698607; [61] 17681175 [62] SPDEF: PDEF: Regulates terminal differentiation of goblet cells and Paneth cells: 19786015; [63] 19549527 ...