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Chronotropic effects (from chrono-, meaning time, and tropos, "a turn") are those that change the heart rate. Chronotropic drugs may change the heart rate and rhythm by affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart and the nerves that influence it , such as by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial node .
Atropine, a tropane alkaloid, is an enantiomeric mixture of d-hyoscyamine and l-hyoscyamine [35], with most of its physiological effects due to l-hyoscyamine, the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. Its pharmacological effects are due to binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It is an antimuscarinic agent.
The negative chronotropic effects of CCBs make them a commonly used class of agents in individuals with atrial fibrillation or flutter in whom control of the heart rate is generally a goal. Negative chronotropy can be beneficial when treating a variety of disease processes because lower heart rates represent lower cardiac oxygen requirements.
Atropine works by reducing vagal stimulation through the AV node but will not be effective in those who have had a previous heart transplant. [12] Other drugs may be utilized such as epinephrine or dopamine which have positive chronotropic effects and may increase the heart rate. [ 13 ]
For example, the drug pirenzepine is a muscarinic antagonist (decreases the effect of ACh), which is much more potent at M 1 receptors than it is at other subtypes. The acceptance of the various subtypes proceeded in numerical order, therefore, earlier sources may recognize only M 1 and M 2 subtypes, [ citation needed ] while later studies ...
Medications to treat the toxic effects include: intravenous fluids, calcium gluconate, glucagon, high dose insulin, vasopressors and lipid emulsion. [1] [2] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may also be an option. [1] More than ten thousand cases of calcium channel blocker toxicity were reported in the United States in 2010. [2]
A new study (the first clinical trial of its kind) has shown that the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide — known by the brand name Ozempic — may help reduce not only alcohol cravings, but the amount of ...
Examples of sympathomimetic effects include increases in heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, and blood pressure. [1] The primary endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system are the catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine [noradrenaline], and dopamine ), which function as both neurotransmitters and hormones .