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Strange matter: A type of quark matter that may exist inside some neutron stars close to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (approximately 2–3 solar masses). May be stable at lower energy states once formed. Quark matter: Hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons Color-glass condensate
differential vector element of surface area A, with infinitesimally small magnitude and direction normal to surface S: square meter (m 2) differential element of volume V enclosed by surface S: cubic meter (m 3) electric field: newton per coulomb (N⋅C −1), or equivalently, volt per meter (V⋅m −1)
Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, and contains neutral atoms as well as a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but it is possible for a single compound to form different phases that are in the same state of matter.
The remaining variable, as well as other quantities such as the internal energy and the entropy, would be expressed as state functions of these three variables. The state functions satisfy certain universal constraints, expressed in the laws of thermodynamics , and they depend on the peculiarities of the materials that compose the concrete system.
In physics and chemistry, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables, which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature, or internal energy. [1] [2] Most modern equations of state are formulated in the Helmholtz free energy.
A state variable is one of the set of variables that are used to describe the mathematical "state" of a dynamical system.Intuitively, the state of a system describes enough about the system to determine its future behaviour in the absence of any external forces affecting the system.
In thermodynamics, a physical property is any property that is measurable, and whose value describes a state of a physical system. Thermodynamic properties are defined as characteristic features of a system, capable of specifying the system's state.
In the thermodynamics of equilibrium, a state function, function of state, or point function for a thermodynamic system is a mathematical function relating several state variables or state quantities (that describe equilibrium states of a system) that depend only on the current equilibrium thermodynamic state of the system [1] (e.g. gas, liquid, solid, crystal, or emulsion), not the path which ...