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Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells) are epithelial cells in the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and body regions of the stomach. [1]
The lowest pH of the secreted acid is 0.8, [7] but the acid is diluted in the stomach lumen to a pH of between 1 and 3. There is a small continuous basal secretion of gastric acid between meals of usually less than 10 mEq/hour. [8] There are three phases in the secretion of gastric acid which increase the secretion rate in order to digest a ...
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.
The secretions of the different exocrine gastric gland cells produce a watery, acidic fluid into the stomach lumen called gastric juice. [5] [6] Gastric juice contains water, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, and salts.
A fourth phase of acid secretion is known as the basal state which occurs in the times between meals (interdigestive phase). The level of acid secretion during these times is regulated by body weight, individual, number of parietal cells, and time of day. Acid secretion is lowest in the morning before awakening and highest at night. [2]
Additional cells present include parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, chief cells that secrete pepsinogen (this is a precursor to pepsin- the highly acidic environment converts the pepsinogen to pepsin), and neuroendocrine cells that secrete serotonin. [22] [citation needed]
These have also proved to be factors of acid secretion in the stomach. [7] Autoimmune conditions can often be managed with various treatments; however, little is known about how or if these treatments effect achlorhydria. [5] Thyroid hormones can contribute to changes in the level of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Diagram showing bicarbonate secretion to the stomach lumen. The mucus produced by these cells is extremely important, as it prevents the stomach from digesting itself. [5] Parietal cells produce potent hydrochloric acid, which damages cells. Gastric chief cells produce pepsinogen, which is activated by the acid to form pepsin. Pepsin is a ...