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When transcribing Old Norse texts from Danish and Swedish runestones, many scholars, [8] but not all, [9] use an orthography that is adapted to represent Old East Norse, the dialect of Old Norse in Denmark and Sweden. The main differences are the diphthong æi instead of ei as in stæinn ("stone") and i instead of the glide j as in giald ...
Old Norse vowel phonemes mostly come in pairs of long and short. The standardized orthography marks the long vowels with an acute accent. In medieval manuscripts, it is often unmarked but sometimes marked with an accent or through gemination. Old Norse had nasalized versions of all ten vowel places.
Old Norse has three categories of verbs (strong, weak, & present-preterite) and two categories of nouns (strong, weak). Conjugation and declension are carried out by a mix of inflection and two nonconcatenative morphological processes: umlaut, a backness-based alteration to the root vowel; and ablaut, a replacement of the root vowel, in verbs.
The sound system of Norwegian resembles that of Swedish.There is considerable variation among the dialects, and all pronunciations are considered by official policy to be equally correct – there is no official spoken standard, although it can be said that Eastern Norwegian Bokmål speech (not Norwegian Bokmål in general) has an unofficial spoken standard, called Urban East Norwegian or ...
The equivalent letter in German and Swedish is ä, but it is not located at the same place within the alphabet. In German, it is not a separate letter from "A" but in Swedish, it is the second-to-last letter (between å and ö). In the normalized spelling of Middle High German, æ represents a long vowel [ɛː]. The actual spelling in the ...
Based on the description of minimal pairs of words in Old Norse, Einar Haugen proposes one tentative interpretation of the vowel description given by the First Grammatical Treatise. [6] There are potentially 36 vowels in Old Norse, with 9 basic vowel qualities, /i, y, e, ø, ɛ, u, o, ɔ, a/ , which are further distinguished by length and nasality.
Another correspondence: Old Norse jó and jú became ju in Swedish but y in Danish. Norwegian sometimes uses Danish forms, sometimes forms with jo and ju as in Old Norse. For example: Old Norse ljóss – Danish lys – Norwegian lys (Bokmål), lys or ljos (Nynorsk) – Swedish ljus (light).
Possibly from Old Norse krasa (="shatter") via Old French crasir [55] creek kriki ("corner, nook") through ME creke ("narrow inlet in a coastline") altered from kryk perhaps influenced by Anglo-Norman crique itself from a Scandinavian source via Norman-French [56] crochet from Old Norse krokr "hook" via French crochet "small hook; canine tooth ...