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As the radiation pressure scales as the fourth power of the temperature, it becomes important at these high temperatures. In the Sun, radiation pressure is still quite small when compared to the gas pressure. In the heaviest non-degenerate stars, radiation pressure is the dominant pressure component. [25]
Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...
The thermodynamics of a black-body photon gas may be derived using quantum statistical mechanical arguments, with the radiation field being in equilibrium with the atoms in the wall. The derivation yields the spectral energy density u, which is the energy of the radiation field per unit volume per unit frequency interval, given by: [3]
Eddington assumed the pressure P in a star is a combination of an ideal gas pressure and radiation pressure, and that there is a constant ratio, β, of the gas pressure to the total pressure. Therefore, by the ideal gas law: = where k B is Boltzmann constant and μ the mass of a single atom (actually, an ion since matter is ionized; usually a ...
The laws describing the behaviour of gases under fixed pressure, volume, amount of gas, and absolute temperature conditions are called gas laws.The basic gas laws were discovered by the end of the 18th century when scientists found out that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases.
Pressure gradient: Pressure per unit distance pascal/m L −2 M 1 T −2: vector Temperature gradient: steepest rate of temperature change at a particular location K/m L −1 Θ: vector Torque: τ: Product of a force and the perpendicular distance of the force from the point about which it is exerted
Where p is the pressure, T is the temperature, R the ideal gas constant, and V m the molar volume. a and b are parameters that are determined empirically for each gas, but are sometimes estimated from their critical temperature ( T c ) and critical pressure ( p c ) using these relations:
The tables also include pure numbers, dimensionless ratios, or dimensionless physical constants; these topics are discussed in the article. Biology and medicine [ edit ]