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Whereas the second, third, and Boyce–Codd normal forms are concerned with functional dependencies, 4NF is concerned with a more general type of dependency known as a multivalued dependency. A table is in 4NF if and only if, for every one of its non-trivial multivalued dependencies X Y, X is a superkey—that is, X is either a candidate key or ...
Database designers that use a surrogate key as the primary key for every table will run into the occasional scenario where they need to automatically retrieve the database-generated primary key from an SQL INSERT statement for use in other SQL statements. Most systems do not allow SQL INSERT statements to return row data. Therefore, it becomes ...
Part of this processing involves consistently being able to select or modify one and only one row in a table. Therefore, most physical implementations have a unique primary key (PK) for each row in a table. When a new row is written to the table, a new unique value for the primary key is generated; this is the key that the system uses primarily ...
It was first proposed by British computer scientist Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model. Normalization entails organizing the columns (attributes) and tables (relations) of a database to ensure that their dependencies are properly enforced by database integrity constraints.
It is clear that there is anti-dependence between these 2 instructions. At first we read R2 then in second instruction we are Writing a new value for it. An anti-dependency is an example of a name dependency. That is, renaming of variables could remove the dependency, as in the next example: 1. B = 3 N. B2 = B 2. A = B2 + 1 3. B = 7
SQL Anywhere (formerly known as Sybase Adaptive Server Anywhere and Watcom SQL) Proprietary SQL Azure (Cloud SQL Server) Proprietary SQLBase: Proprietary SQLite: Public Domain SQream DB: Proprietary SAP Advantage Database Server (formerly known as Sybase Advantage Database Server) Proprietary Teradata: Proprietary TiDB: Apache License 2.0 ...
Select only then {rows} rows with filter: First Page: select only the first {rows} rows, depending on the type of database; Next Page: select only the first {rows} rows, depending on the type of database, where the {unique_key} is greater than {last_val} (the value of the {unique_key} of the last row in the current page)
In the context of SQL, data definition or data description language (DDL) is a syntax for creating and modifying database objects such as tables, indices, and users. DDL statements are similar to a computer programming language for defining data structures , especially database schemas .