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In politics and government, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends , and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party.
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is a United States federal law passed by the 47th United States Congress and signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur on January 16, 1883. The act mandates that most positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political patronage.
The Politics of the Administrative Process, (2nd ed. 1996), textbook. Hoogenboom, Ari. Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865–1883 (1961) Hoogenboom, Ari. "The Pendleton Act and the Civil Service Reform." American Historical Review 1959. 64: 301–18. in JSTOR. Hoogenboom, Ari.
Patronage, and the desire for more, also shaped the work and publications of scientists. Effusive dedications to current or potential patrons can be found in almost every scholarly publication, while the interests of a patron in a specific topic was a strong incentive to pursue said topic—or reframe one's work in terms of it.
The main issue that divided the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds was political patronage. The Stalwarts were in favor of political machines and spoils system–style patronage, while the Half-Breeds, later led by Maine senator James G. Blaine, [6] were in favor of civil service reform and a merit system. The epithet "Half-Breed" was invented in ...
From the ancient world onward, patronage of the arts was important in art history.It is known in greatest detail in reference to medieval and Renaissance Europe, though patronage can also be traced in feudal Japan, the traditional Southeast Asian kingdoms, and elsewhere—art patronage tended to arise wherever a royal or imperial system and an aristocracy dominated a society and controlled a ...
Quizlet is a multi-national American company that provides tools for studying and learning. [1] Quizlet was founded in October 2005 by Andrew Sutherland, who at the time was a 15-year old student, [ 2 ] and released to the public in January 2007. [ 3 ]
The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law (2009) Oldman, Mark, ed. The Vault.com Guide to America's Top 50 Law Firms (1998) Oller, John. White Shoe: How a New Breed of Wall Street Lawyers Changed Big Business and the American Century (2019), excerpt; Power, Roscoe. "Legal Profession in America," 19 Notre Dame Law Review (1944) pp 334+ online