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Jacobi constant, a Zero Velocity Surface and Curve (also Hill's curve) [1] A zero-velocity surface is a concept that relates to the N-body problem of gravity. It represents a surface a body of given energy cannot cross, since it would have zero velocity on the surface. It was first introduced by George William Hill. [2]
In engineering, the Moody chart or Moody diagram (also Stanton diagram) is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f D, Reynolds number Re, and surface roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can be used to predict pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe.
A ruled surface is one which can be generated by the motion of a straight line in E 3. [46] Choosing a directrix on the surface, i.e. a smooth unit speed curve c(t) orthogonal to the straight lines, and then choosing u(t) to be unit vectors along the curve in the direction of the lines, the velocity vector v = c t and u satisfy
The no-slip condition is an empirical assumption that has been useful in modelling many macroscopic experiments. It was one of three alternatives that were the subject of contention in the 19th century, with the other two being the stagnant-layer (a thin layer of stationary fluid on which the rest of the fluid flows) and the partial slip (a finite relative velocity between solid and fluid ...
The surface tension σ is force per unit length of a surface element and acts tangential to the free surface. f σ = σ d l {\displaystyle f_{\sigma }=\sigma \ dl} For an infinitesimally small surface element dS , the tangential components of the surface tension forces cancel out when σ = constant , and the normal component can be expressed as ...
Disturbed free surface of a sea, viewed from below. In physics, a free surface is the surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress, [1] such as the interface between two homogeneous fluids. [2] An example of two such homogeneous fluids would be a body of water (liquid) and the air in the Earth's atmosphere (gas mixture).
Figure 6:Reaction Coordinate Diagrams showing reactions with 0, 1 and 2 intermediates: The double-headed arrow shows the first, second and third step in each reaction coordinate diagram. In all three of these reactions the first step is the slow step because the activation energy from the reactants to the transition state is the highest.
Thermodynamic surface; Specific to weather services, there are mainly three different types of thermodynamic diagrams used: Skew-T log-P diagram; Tephigram; Emagram; Stüve diagram; All four diagrams are derived from the physical P–alpha diagram which combines pressure (P) and specific volume (alpha) as its basic coordinates.