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The multiple valued version of log(z) is a set, but it is easier to write it without braces and using it in formulas follows obvious rules. log(z) is the set of complex numbers v which satisfy e v = z; arg(z) is the set of possible values of the arg function applied to z. When k is any integer:
An electoral system (or voting system) is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Some electoral systems elect a single winner (single candidate or option), while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors.
The exhaustive ballot is a voting system used to elect a single winner. Under the exhaustive ballot the elector casts a single vote for his or her chosen candidate. However, if no candidate is supported by an overall majority of votes then the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and a further round of voting occurs.
Some voting rules are difficult to explain to voters in a way they can intuitively understand, which may undermine public trust in elections. [8] [failed verification] For example, while Schulze's rule performs well by many of the criteria above, it requires an involved explanation of beatpaths. Ease of voting.
In single-winner voting system theory, the Condorcet loser criterion (CLC) is a measure for differentiating voting systems. It implies the majority loser criterion but does not imply the Condorcet winner criterion. A voting system complying with the Condorcet loser criterion will never allow a Condorcet loser to win.
Score voting is used to elect candidates who represent parties in Latvia's Saeima (parliament) in an open list system. [10]The selection process for the Secretary-General of the United Nations uses a variant on a three-point scale ("Encourage", "Discourage", and "No Opinion"), with permanent members of the United Nations Security Council holding a veto over any candidate.
The Kemeny–Young method is an electoral system that uses ranked ballots and pairwise comparison counts to identify the most popular choices in an election. It is a Condorcet method because if there is a Condorcet winner, it will always be ranked as the most popular choice.
Quadratic voting is unusual in that it is a cardinal voting system that does not allow independent scoring of candidates. Cumulative voting could be classified as a cardinal rule with unconditional spoiler effects. STAR (score then automatic runoff) is a hybrid of ranked and rated voting systems. It chooses the top 2 candidates by score voting ...