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In solid-state physics, the valence band and conduction band are the bands closest to the Fermi level, and thus determine the electrical conductivity of the solid. In nonmetals, the valence band is the highest range of electron energies in which electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature, while the conduction band is the lowest range of vacant electronic states.
The conduction band edge may also be indicated in an insulator, simply to demonstrate band bending effects. E V : The valence band edge likewise should be indicated in situations where electrons (or holes ) are transported through the top of the valence band such as in a p -type semiconductor .
Band edge diagram of a basic HEMT. Conduction band edge E C and Fermi level E F determine the electron density in the 2DEG. Quantized levels form in the triangular well (yellow region) and optimally only one of them lies below E F. Heterostructure corresponding to the band edge diagram above.
In some materials, for example, in graphene and zigzag graphene quantum dot, there exists the energy states having energy eigenvalues exactly equal to zero (E=0) besides the conduction and valence bands. These states are called edge states which modifies the electronic and optical properties of the materials significantly. [3] [4] [5] [6]
In semimetals the bands are usually referred to as "conduction band" or "valence band" depending on whether the charge transport is more electron-like or hole-like, by analogy to semiconductors. In many metals, however, the bands are neither electron-like nor hole-like, and often just called "valence band" as they are made of valence orbitals. [11]
Band diagram of semiconductor-vacuum interface showing electron affinity E EA, defined as the difference between near-surface vacuum energy E vac, and near-surface conduction band edge E C. Also shown: Fermi level E F, valence band edge E V, work function W.
CB, the conduction band; VB, the valence band; , the Fermi energy; , the vacuum energy. Despite being energetically unfavourable, surface states may exist on a clean semiconductor surface due to the termination of the materials lattice periodicity. Band bending can also be induced in the energy bands of such surface states.
The band gap (usually given the symbol ) gives the energy difference between the lower edge of the conduction band and the upper edge of the valence band. Each semiconductor has different electron affinity and band gap values. For semiconductor alloys it may be necessary to use Vegard's law to calculate these values.