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  2. x̅ and R chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X̅_and_R_chart

    As with the ¯ and s and individuals control charts, the ¯ chart is only valid if the within-sample variability is constant. [4] Thus, the R chart is examined before the x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} chart; if the R chart indicates the sample variability is in statistical control, then the x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} chart is examined to ...

  3. Ratio estimator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_estimator

    Tin (1965) [18] described and compared ratio estimators proposed by Beale (1962) [19] and Quenouille (1956) [20] and proposed a modified approach (now referred to as Tin's method). These ratio estimators are commonly used to calculate pollutant loads from sampling of waterways, particularly where flow is measured more frequently than water quality.

  4. Histogram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram

    The total area of a histogram used for probability density is always normalized to 1. If the length of the intervals on the x-axis are all 1, then a histogram is identical to a relative frequency plot. Histograms are sometimes confused with bar charts. In a histogram, each bin is for a different range of values, so altogether the histogram ...

  5. Statistical graphics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_graphics

    Statistical graphics have been central to the development of science and date to the earliest attempts to analyse data. Many familiar forms, including bivariate plots, statistical maps, bar charts, and coordinate paper were used in the 18th century.

  6. Data transformation (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transformation...

    The logarithm also has a useful effect on ratios. If we are comparing positive quantities X and Y using the ratio X / Y , then if X < Y , the ratio is in the interval (0,1), whereas if X > Y , the ratio is in the half-line (1,∞), where the ratio of 1 corresponds to equality.

  7. Prediction interval - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_interval

    Given a sample from a normal distribution, whose parameters are unknown, it is possible to give prediction intervals in the frequentist sense, i.e., an interval [a, b] based on statistics of the sample such that on repeated experiments, X n+1 falls in the interval the desired percentage of the time; one may call these "predictive confidence intervals".

  8. Estimation statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_statistics

    Estimation statistics, or simply estimation, is a data analysis framework that uses a combination of effect sizes, confidence intervals, precision planning, and meta-analysis to plan experiments, analyze data and interpret results. [1]

  9. Decade (log scale) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade_(log_scale)

    Four powers of 10 spanning a range of three decades: 1, 10, 100, 1000 (10 0, 10 1, 10 2, 10 3) Four grids spanning three decades of resolution: One thousand 0.001s, one-hundred 0.01s, ten 0.1s, one 1. One decade (symbol dec [1]) is a unit for measuring ratios on a logarithmic scale, with one decade corresponding to a ratio of 10 between two ...