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Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 (1978), is an opinion given by the United States Supreme Court in which the Court overruled Monroe v. Pape by holding that a local government is a "person" subject to suit under Section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code: Civil action for deprivation of rights. [1]
A Municipal Assistance Corporation (MAC) was an independent New York State public-benefit corporation created by the State of New York for purposes of providing financing assistance and fiscal oversight of a fiscally-distressed city. Two MACs are explicitly designated under New York law.
The Martin Act (New York General Business Law article 23-A, sections 352–353) [1] is a New York anti-fraud law, widely considered to be the most severe blue sky law in the country. [2] Passed in 1921, it grants the Attorney General of New York expansive law enforcement powers to conduct investigations of securities fraud and bring civil or ...
The Constitution of New York enumerates the powers of local governments, such as the power to elect a legislative body and adopt local laws. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A local law has a status equivalent with a law enacted by the Legislature (subject to certain exceptions and restrictions [ 5 ] ), and is superior to the older forms of municipal legislation ...
One historical example was the Black Horse Cavalry, a group of New York state legislators accused of blackmailing corporations. Bribery is the offering of something which is most often money but can also be goods or services in order to gain an unfair advantage. Common advantages can be to sway a person's opinion, action, or decision, reduce ...
Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275 (2001), was a Supreme Court of the United States decision that a regulation enacted under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [1] did not include a private right of action to allow private lawsuits based on evidence of disparate impact. [2]
This revised act was upheld as constitutional by the Supreme Court in United States v. Bekins. [12] Chapter 9 was largely unchanged until it was amended in 1976 in response to New York City's financial crisis. [13] The changes made in 1976 were adopted nearly identically in the modern 1978 Bankruptcy Code as Chapter 9.
In other cases, such as public safety and consumer protection violations, the local authorities may revoke permits and licenses, and seek injunction to stop or remove non-conforming works or goods, in addition to the civil penalty. Pending or admitted civil violations may also be used as evidence of responsibility in a civil suit.