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In Italian, compound tenses expressing perfect aspect are formed with either auxiliary verb avere ('to have') "Conjugation of the verb avere". (Lingua-Italiana.IT). for transitive verbs and some intransitive verbs and with essere ('to be') "Conjugation of the verb essere" .
Italian verbs have a high degree of inflection, the majority of which follows one of three common patterns of conjugation. Italian conjugation is affected by mood, person, tense, number, aspect and occasionally gender. The three classes of verbs (patterns of conjugation) are distinguished by the endings of the infinitive form of the verb:
Italian uses avere ("have") and essere ("be") as auxiliaries, distributed in much the same way as avoir and être in French. The participle agrees with the subject when essere is used, and with a preceding pronoun direct object when avere is used. The present perfect is often used also for completed events where English would use the simple past.
In Italian, there are two pluperfects in the indicative mood: the recent pluperfect (trapassato prossimo) and the remote pluperfect (trapassato remoto). The recent pluperfect is formed correspondingly to French by using the imperfect of the appropriate auxiliary verb (essere or avere) plus the past participle.
essere istere – – – – – – Pluperfect: fuissem stetissem fossi stessi fusse – fuese estuviese fosse estivesse – – fos estigués fussi stassi fiss fusesem Infinitive: esse stāre essere stare être – ser estar ser estar essere istare ser, ésser estar siri stari esser fire, a fi Supine – statum – stato – été sido ...
If the verb is one that otherwise selects auxiliary avere in compound constructions, the past participle does not agree with the subject in gender and number: Italian: Abbiamo mangiato al ristorante. Tuscan: S'è mangiato al ristorante. If the verb normally requires essere, the past participle is marked as plural: Italian: Siamo andati al cinema.
In other languages, most usages of English "to be" are still translated by *essere: In Italian, the infinitive essere continues Latin esse as existential 'to be', while stare has the primary meaning "to stay" and is used as a copula only in a few situations: to express one's state of physical health (sto bene "I am well"); to form progressive ...
The present continuous tense has a very predictable conjugation pattern even for verbs that are typically irregular, such as essere ("to be") and avere ("to have"). For verbs with reduced infinitives, the gerund uses the same stem as the imperfect (which sometimes corresponds to the stem of the 1st person singular indicative present).