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The control protocol is a variation of LIN which retains the analog voltage level signaling from SAE J1772. The positive level of the LIN signal waveform can change from 12 volts to 9 or 6 volts (known as State A, State B, and State C in J1772). An earlier version of this LIN-based control protocol was published in Annex D of IEC 61851 edition 3.
Simple fault code readers/reset tools are mostly aimed at the consumer level. Professional hand-held scan tools may possess more advanced functions Access more advanced diagnostics; Set manufacturer- or vehicle-specific ECU parameters; Access and control other control units, such as air bag or ABS
OBD-II PIDs (On-board diagnostics Parameter IDs) are codes used to request data from a vehicle, used as a diagnostic tool.. SAE standard J1979 defines many OBD-II PIDs. All on-road vehicles and trucks sold in North America are required to support a subset of these codes, primarily for state mandated emissions inspections.
A wireless system that can be retrofitted onto any bicycle was announced in 2016. [12] The front and rear derailleurs remain in place, while a wireless gear-change controller is added to the handlebar, with configuration of the system via an iOS/Android app, and customization can be added to the button controllers via the Bluetooth app. [13]
Converting a non-electric bicycle to its electric equivalent can be complicated but numerous 'replace a wheel' solutions are now available on the market. [44] An Electric Pusher Trailer is an e-bike design which incorporates a motor and battery into a trailer that pushes any bicycle. One such trailer is the two-wheeled Ridekick.
Typical cheap ELM327 copy without label on the controller The ELM327 is a PIC microcontroller that has been customized with ELM Electronics' proprietary code that implements the testing protocols. When ELM Electronics sold version 1.4 of its ELM327, it did not enable the copy protection feature of the PIC microcontroller.
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An electric bicycle is defined as a two- or three-wheeled vehicle with fully operable pedals with an electric motor producing up to 1 gross brake horsepower and up to 750 watts final output, and with a maximum speed of up to 20 miles per hour on flat ground with a 170-pound (77 kg) rider when powered only by that engine. [147]