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The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. [1] [2] Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour. [1] It is calculated to select patients for adjuvant treatment.
Cefepime/enmetazobactam, sold under the brand name Exblifep, is a medication used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a fixed dose combination containing cefepime , a cephalosporin antibacterial; and enmetazobactam , a beta-lactamase inhibitor .
Multimodal cancer therapy, often referred to simply as multimodal therapy or multimodal cancer care, is an approach for treatment of cancer that combines radiation and chemotherapy [1] or other multiple therapeutic modalities.
Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefepime has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria , with greater activity against both types of organism than third-generation agents.
Metronomic therapy is a new type of chemotherapy in which anti-cancer drugs are administered in a lower dose than the maximum tolerated dose repetitively over a long period to treat cancers with fewer side effects. Metronomic therapy is shown to affect both tumor microenvironment and tumor cells to achieve its therapeutic effects. [1]
This route is also used to introduce drugs that fight certain infections, particularly post-neurosurgical. Typically, the drug is given this way to avoid being stopped by the blood–brain barrier, as it may not be able to pass into the brain when given orally. Drugs given by the intrathecal route often have to be compounded specially by a ...
Stage IV: cancers have often metastasized, or spread to other organs or throughout the body. Stage IV cancer can be treated by chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery. Despite treatment, a patient's mortality rate can be significantly higher with Stage IV cancer, e.g., the cancer can progress to become terminal.
Induction chemotherapy is the first-line treatment of cancer with a chemotherapeutic drug. The goal of induction chemotherapy is to cure the cancer. [1] It may be contrasted with neoadjuvant therapy, with consolidation chemotherapy (intended to kill any cancer cells that survived the initial treatment), and with maintenance chemotherapy given at lower doses after the consolidation phase of ...