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The Annales School of 20th-century French historians emphasized the importance of peasants. Its leader Fernand Braudel devoted the first volume—called The Structures of Everyday Life —of his major work, Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century to the largely silent and invisible world that existed below the market economy.
A four-ox-team plough, circa 1330. The ploughman is using a mouldboard plough to cut through the heavy soils. A team could plough about one acre (0.4 ha) per day. The typical planting scheme in a three-field system was that barley, oats, or legumes would be planted in one field in spring, wheat or rye in the second field in the fall and the third field would be left fallow.
Here the peasants grew the extensive cereal cultures and, to a limited but increasing extent, row and industrial crops too. The crops were protected from livestock by temporary fencing. After the harvest the peasants opened the land to let their animals graze on the stubble (which provided manure for the soil as well).
Obshchina Gathering by Sergei Korovin. The organization of the peasant mode of production is the primary cause for the type of social structure found in the obshchina. The relationship between the individual peasant, the family and the community leads to a specific social structure categorized by the creation of familial alliances to apportion risks between members of the community.
The peasants of Hadeln were comparatively lucky; although they fell under the rule of the weak Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg in the 13th century, the dukes were too weak to enforce their will and consequently the farmers were able to preserve much of their autonomy right up to the 19th century. [5] [6]
The army was called to put down the disorder, but the vast majority of the Imperial Russian Army's private soldiers were peasants, and the soldiers' morale was severely impacted by news received from their own villages. As the army was called out to put down the peasant uprisings' of 1905–1906, many units — especially in the infantry, which ...
According to Marxist–Leninist political theories of the early 20th century, the kulaks were considered class enemies of the poorer peasants. [4] [5] Vladimir Lenin described them as "bloodsuckers, vampires, plunderers of the people and profiteers, who fatten themselves during famines", [6] declaring revolution against them. [7]
Niklashausen Peasant Revolt Holy Roman Empire: German peasants led by Hans Böhm, who had a vision of the Virgin Mary, against the nobility and clergy of the Holy Roman Empire. Böhm executed and pilgrimages to Niklashausen ceased [25] 1478 Carinthian Peasant Revolt: Holy Roman Empire: Carinthian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [26] 1482 ...