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Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. [1] [2] This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. [1]
Vocal fold lesions such as a vocal fold nodule or other changes in the vocal fold mucosa can lead to increased tension in the larynx and cause dysphonia. [2] Larynogopharyngeal reflux, a process that is similar to GERD, can bring stomach acid into the larynx. This can provoke the larynx to tense to prevent the aspiration of the acid. [3]
Voice disorders can be divided into two broad categories: organic and functional. [9] The distinction between these broad classes stems from their cause, whereby organic dysphonia results from some sort of physiological change in one of the subsystems of speech (for voice, usually respiration, laryngeal anatomy, and/or other parts of the vocal tract are affected).
[4] [5] Though voice qualities may appear normal in some cases of vocal fold paresis or paralysis, [3] mild differences in tension between the two vocal folds of the larynx can result in changes of voice pitch, intensity and reduced vocal stamina. [6] [5] Patients with either vocal fold paresis or paralysis may exhibit a breathy voice quality.
[1] [2] Psychological stress is an inevitable part of life. Human beings can experience stress from an early age. Although stress is a factor for the average human being, it can be a positive or negative molding aspect in a young child's life. [3] A certain amount of stress is normal and necessary for survival.
Speech skills are vital to social relationships and learning, and delays or disorders that relate to developing these skills can impact individuals function. [3] For many children and adolescents, this can present as issues with academics. [4] Speech disorders affect roughly 11.5% of the US population, and 5% of the primary school population. [5]
[1] According to the Boston Children's Hospital a phobia is a type of anxiety disorder, that happens mostly with children and can be related to diverse reasons, they can happen due to biological, family and environmental factors those factors can be triggered through many different reasons, they can be inherited or associated with random or ...
As such, the major perceptual signs of vocal fold nodules include vocal hoarseness and breathiness. [4] [5] Other common symptoms include vocal fatigue, soreness or pain lateral to the larynx, and reduced frequency and intensity range. [1] [4] [5] Airflow levels during speech may also be increased. [1]