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  2. Biological rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_rules

    The pygmy mammoth is an example of insular dwarfism, a case of Foster's rule, its unusually small body size an adaptation to the limited resources of its island home.. A biological rule or biological law is a generalized law, principle, or rule of thumb formulated to describe patterns observed in living organisms.

  3. Columbian exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_exchange

    The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, from the late 15th century on.

  4. Evolutionary tradeoff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_tradeoff

    In evolutionary biology, an evolutionary tradeoff is a situation in which evolution cannot advance one part of a biological system without distressing another part of it. In this context, tradeoffs refer to the process through which a trait increases in fitness at the expense of decreased fitness in another trait.

  5. Glossary of biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

    This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...

  6. Fluxional molecule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxional_molecule

    Often, a molecule is considered fluxional if its spectroscopic signature exhibits line-broadening (beyond that dictated by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle) due to chemical exchange. [2] In some cases, where the rates are slow, fluxionality is not detected spectroscopically, but by isotopic labeling and other methods.

  7. Grand potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_potential

    The grand potential or Landau potential or Landau free energy is a quantity used in statistical mechanics, especially for irreversible processes in open systems. The grand potential is the characteristic state function for the grand canonical ensemble .

  8. Chromosomal crossover - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover

    Most of these events involve an exchange of equal amounts of genetic information, but unequal exchanges may occur due to sequence mismatch. These are referred to by a variety of names, including non-homologous crossover, unequal crossover, and unbalanced recombination, and result in an insertion or deletion of genetic information into the ...

  9. Generalized exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_exchange

    Generalized exchange is a type of social exchange in which a desired ... network-generalized exchange limits the occurrence of this problem as it is easier to detect ...