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Atrial flutter is characterized by a sudden-onset (usually) regular abnormal heart rhythm on an electrocardiogram (ECG) in which the heart rate is fast. Symptoms may include a feeling of the heart beating too fast, too hard, or skipping beats , chest discomfort, difficulty breathing , a feeling as if one's stomach has dropped, a feeling of ...
It is a form of cardiac arrhythmia in which ectopic foci within either ventricular or atrial myocardium, or from finer branches of the electric transduction system, cause additional beats of the heart. Some medications may worsen the phenomenon. [citation needed] Ectopic beats are considered normal and are not indicative of cardiac pathology.
The heart has four chambers, two upper chambers—the left and right atrium, or together the atria, and two lower chambers—the left and right ventricles. Atrial flutter is used to describe when the atria contract at really high rates—about 300 beats per minute, but sometimes as high as 400 beats per minute. Why flutter?
P-wave changes in left and right atrial hypertrophy. Bifid P waves (known as P mitrale) indicate left-atrial abnormality - e.g. dilatation [6] or hypertrophy. [1] If at least three different shaped P waves can be seen in a given ECG lead tracing, this implies that even if one of them arises from the SA node, at least two others are arising ...
This sinus rhythm is important because it ensures that the heart's atria reliably contract before the ventricles, ensuring as optimal stroke volume and cardiac output. [ 4 ] In junctional rhythm, however, the sinoatrial node does not control the heart's rhythm – this can happen in the case of a block in conduction somewhere along the pathway ...
A premature atrial pacemaker has a regular underlying rhythm however there is a premature beat which can be identified by an irregular p wave with a different size, shape, and direction often found within a T wave, the PR interval is generally normal however can be hard to measure, the QRS complex is premature for the PAC, but is generally normal.
Electrode placement for Lewis lead; RL electrode (green), not shown, remains on leg . A Lewis Lead (also called the S5 lead) is a modified ECG lead used to detect atrial flutter waves when atrial flutter is suspected clinically, based on signs and symptoms, but is not definitely demonstrated on the standard 12 lead ECG.
Isolated heart conduction system showing atrioventricular node. The AV node receives two inputs from the right atrium: posteriorly, via the crista terminalis, and anteriorly, via the interatrial septum. [8] Contraction of heart muscle cells requires depolarization and repolarization of their cell membranes. Movement of ions across cell ...