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The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that occurred in Europe from 1346 to 1353. It was one of the most fatal pandemics in human history; as many as 50 million people [2] perished, perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population. [3] The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread by fleas and through the air.
Figures for the death toll vary widely by area and from source to source, and estimates are frequently revised as historical research brings new discoveries to light. Most scholars estimate that the Black Death killed up to 75 million people [5] in the 14th century, at a time when the entire world population was still less than 500 million.
Herlihy also examined the arguments against the Malthusian crisis, stating "if the Black Death was a response to excessive human numbers it should have arrived several decades earlier" [25] in consequence of the population growth before the Black Death. Herlihy also brings up other, biological factors that argue against the plague as a ...
The Black Death may also have promoted the use of vernacular English, as the number of teachers proficient in French dwindled, contributing to the late-14th-century flowering of English literature, represented by writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower.
In traditional history, the Black Death has played a major role as the explanation to why Norway lost its position as a major Kingdom in the early 14th century, and entered a many centuries-long period of stagnation as the most neglected of the Kingdoms of the Kalmar Union under Denmark in the late 14th century. Norway entered into a Union with ...
The Black Death in Paris has been described in the famous chronicle of the Carmelite Jean de Venette, who resided at the Saint-Denis Abbey in Île-de-France, located outside of Paris. At the time, Paris was the biggest city in Europe, with a population between 80,000–200,000 people. [ 9 ]
Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanization. [84] Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce, and government ensured continued growth. [85]
The Cronaca fiorentina is not only a detailed history of the Black Death in Florence, but also a history of Florentine political groups and the political ambitions of individuals. [1] [4] Bonaiuti stresses the economic disruption in Florence during the fourteenth century which was the result of the bubonic plague. [5]