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Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
Similar reactions are the basis of industrial routes from methanol and ethanol respectively to methyl chloride and ethyl chloride. [40] In alkali solution, zinc chloride converts to various zinc hydroxychlorides. These include [Zn(OH) 3 Cl] 2−, [Zn(OH) 2 Cl 2] 2−, [Zn(OH)Cl 3] 2−, and the insoluble Zn 5 (OH) 8 Cl 2 ·H 2 O.
The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic drinks. The suffix -ol appears in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the ...
The Blanc chloromethylation (also called the Blanc reaction) is the chemical reaction of aromatic rings with formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride to form chloromethyl arenes. The reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids such as zinc chloride. [1] The reaction was discovered by Gustave Louis Blanc (1872-1927) in 1923. [2] [3] Blanc chloromethylation
For example, sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is a strong base. NaOH(aq) → Na + (aq) + OH − (aq) Therefore, when a strong acid reacts with a strong base the neutralization reaction can be written as H + + OH − → H 2 O. For example, in the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide the sodium and chloride ions, Na + and Cl − take ...
The reaction proceeds through generation of an acylium center. The reaction is completed by deprotonation of the arenium ion by AlCl 4 −, regenerating the AlCl 3 catalyst. However, in contrast to the truly catalytic alkylation reaction, the formed ketone is a moderate Lewis base, which forms a complex with the strong Lewis acid aluminum ...
Allyl alcohol is produced commercially by the Olin and Shell corporations through the hydrolysis of allyl chloride: CH 2 =CHCH 2 Cl + NaOH → CH 2 =CHCH 2 OH + NaCl. Allyl alcohol can also be made by the rearrangement of propylene oxide, a reaction that is catalyzed by potassium alum at high temperature. The advantage of this method relative ...
For oxidations to the aldehydes and ketones, two equivalents of chromic acid oxidize three equivalents of the alcohol: 2 HCrO 4 − + 3 RR'C(OH)H + 8 H + + 4 H 2 O → 2 [Cr(H 2 O) 6] 3+ + 3 RR'CO. For oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids, 4 equivalents of chromic acid oxidize 3 equivalents of the alcohol. The aldehyde is an ...