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Pyrite disks or spindles are sometimes mistaken for fossils of sand dollars or other forms (see marcasite). Cracks, bumps, gas bubbles, and such can be difficult to distinguish from true fossils. Specimens that cannot be attributed with certainty to either fossils or pseudofossils are treated as dubiofossils. Debates on whether specific forms ...
An external floating roof tank is a storage tank commonly used to store large quantities of petroleum products such as crude oil or condensate. It consists of an open- topped cylindrical steel shell equipped with a roof that floats on the surface of the stored liquid. The roof rises and falls with the liquid level in the tank. [1]
Based on Stokes' law, the size of the oil droplet and density of the droplet will affect the rate of rise to the surface. The larger and lighter the droplet, the faster it will rise to the surface. By attaching a small gas bubble to an oil droplet, the density of the droplet decreases, which increases the rate at which it will rise to the surface.
A cofferdam is a small space left open between two bulkheads, to give protection from heat, fire, or collision. [2] Tankers generally have cofferdams forward and aft of the cargo tanks, and sometimes between individual tanks. [3] A pumproom houses all the pumps connected to a tanker's cargo lines. [1] Some larger tankers have two pumprooms. [1]
The small bubbles adhere to the suspended matter causing the suspended matter to float to the surface of the water where it may then be removed by a skimming device. Induced gas flotation is very widely used in treating the industrial wastewater effluents from oil refineries , petrochemical and chemical plants , natural gas processing plants ...
Fossil water can potentially dissolve and absorb a number of ions from its host rock. Salinity in groundwater can be higher than seawater. [5] In some cases, some form of treatment is required to make these waters suitable for human use. Saline fossil aquifers can also store significant quantities of oil and [6] natural gas. [7]
A structure map, looking downward, generated by contour map software for an 8,500-ft-deep gas and oil reservoir in the Erath Field, Erath, Louisiana. The left-to-right gap near the top indicates a fault line between the blue and green contour lines and the purple, red, and yellow lines. The thin red circular line in the middle indicates the top ...
Some of the oil and gas percolate all the way to the surface as natural seepages, either on land or on the sea floor. The rest remains trapped underground by geological barriers [b] in a variety of trap geometries. In this way, underground pockets of oil and gas accumulate by displacing water in porous rock.