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A popular misconception is that, under French law, the accused is presumed guilty until proven innocent. [35] In Iran, Article 37 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran states: "Innocence is to be presumed, and no one is to be held guilty of a charge unless his or her guilt has been established by a competent court".
In international law, the principle is known as the Lotus principle, after a collision of the S.S. Lotus in international waters. The Lotus case of 1926–1927 established the freedom of sovereign states to act as they wished, unless they chose to bind themselves by a voluntary agreement or there was an explicit restriction in international law ...
Unenforced laws may be enacted purely for symbolic reasons, with little or no intention of enforcement. [5] There are also circumstances in which an otherwise enforced law is not; for example, speeding in a motor vehicle is illegal in most jurisdictions, however law enforcement may choose to ignore motorists who only slightly exceed the legal speed limit. [6]
In law, ignorantia juris non excusat (Latin for "ignorance of the law excuses not"), [1] or ignorantia legis neminem excusat ("ignorance of law excuses no one"), [2] is a legal principle holding that a person who is unaware of a law may not escape liability for violating that law merely by being unaware of its content.
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Nulla poena sine lege (Latin for "no penalty without law", Anglicized pronunciation: / ˈ n ʌ l ə ˈ p iː n ə ˈ s aɪ n iː ˈ l iː dʒ iː / NUL-ə PEE-nə SY-nee LEE-jee) is a legal formula which, in its narrow interpretation, states that one can only be punished for doing something if a penalty for this behavior is fixed in criminal law.
It has been argued that in some situations, possession is ten-tenths of the law. [6] While the concept is older, the phrase "Possession is nine-tenths of the law" is often claimed to date from the 16th century. [7] In some countries, possession is not nine-tenths of the law, but rather the onus is on the possessor to substantiate his ownership. [8]
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