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Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. [citation needed] Carnosine was discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich. [1] Carnosine is naturally produced by the body in the liver [2] from beta-alanine and histidine.
Zinc L-carnosine has been used orally [8] [17] or as an oral rinse, lozenge or suppository. [10] The typical clinical oral dose is 150 mg/day, containing 34 mg zinc and 116 mg L-carnosine. [8] [17] (The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for total zinc intake from all sources in adults is 40 mg/day. [18])
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine), and its topical prodrug formulation N-acetylcarnosine (NAC), is advertised (especially on the internet) to treat a range of ophthalmic disorders associated with oxidative stress, including age-related and diabetic cataracts. No convincing animal studies or masked clinical trials have been reported.
The researchers said that although carnosine is rapidly degraded by enzymes in the body, it could potentially be an initial treatment for prostate cancer if a constant slow release mechanism is used.
β-Alanine is the rate-limiting precursor of carnosine, which is to say carnosine levels are limited by the amount of available β-alanine, not histidine. [6] Supplementation with β-alanine has been shown to increase the concentration of carnosine in muscles, decrease fatigue in athletes, and increase total muscular work done.
Carnosinemia has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.. The gene for carnosinase is located on chromosome 18, [3] an autosome.The carnosine dipeptidase-1 gene controls tissue and serum carnosinase. [10]
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Carnosine synthase (EC 6.3.2.11) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + phosphate + carnosine The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP , L-histidine , and beta-alanine , whereas its 3 products are ADP (previously thought to form AMP [ 1 ] ), diphosphate ...