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A tumor marker is a biomarker that can be used to indicate the presence of cancer or the behavior ... lymphoma, leukemia, lung cancer, prostate cancer [17 ...
Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3, also referred to as DD3) is a gene that expresses a non-coding RNA. PCA3 is only expressed in human prostate tissue, and the gene is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer. [3] [4] Because of its restricted expression profile, the PCA3 RNA is useful as a tumor marker. [5]
A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition. Also called molecular marker and signature molecule." [18] In cancer research and medicine, biomarkers are used in three primary ways: [19] To help diagnose conditions, as in the case of identifying early stage cancers (diagnostic)
Prostate cancer is a major topic of ongoing research. From 2016–2020, over $1.26 billion was invested in prostate cancer research, representing around 5% of global cancer research funds. [122] This places prostate cancer 10th among 18 common cancer types in funding per cancer death, and 9th in funding per disability-adjusted life year lost. [123]
Increased levels of AMACR protein concentration and activity are associated with prostate cancer, and the enzyme is used widely as a biomarker (known in cancer literature as P504S) in biopsy tissues. Around 10 different variants of human AMACR have been identified from prostate cancer tissues, which variants arise from alternative mRNA splicing.
The highest levels of acid phosphatase are found in metastasized prostate cancer. Diseases of the bone, such as Paget's disease or hyperparathyroidism , diseases of blood cells , such as sickle-cell disease or multiple myeloma or lysosomal storage diseases , such as Gaucher's disease , will show moderately increased levels.
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