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  2. Euler's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_theorem

    In 1736, Leonhard Euler published a proof of Fermat's little theorem [1] (stated by Fermat without proof), which is the restriction of Euler's theorem to the case where n is a prime number. Subsequently, Euler presented other proofs of the theorem, culminating with his paper of 1763, in which he proved a generalization to the case where n is ...

  3. Euler method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_method

    The backward Euler method is an implicit method, meaning that the formula for the backward Euler method has + on both sides, so when applying the backward Euler method we have to solve an equation. This makes the implementation more costly.

  4. Euler–Maruyama method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler–Maruyama_method

    In Itô calculus, the Euler–Maruyama method (also simply called the Euler method) is a method for the approximate numerical solution of a stochastic differential equation (SDE). It is an extension of the Euler method for ordinary differential equations to stochastic differential equations named after Leonhard Euler and Gisiro Maruyama. The ...

  5. Incircle and excircles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incircle_and_excircles

    Euler's theorem states that in a triangle: = +, where R {\displaystyle R} and r {\displaystyle r} are the circumradius and inradius respectively, and d {\displaystyle d} is the distance between the circumcenter and the incenter.

  6. Euler's totient function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_totient_function

    Thus, it is often called Euler's phi function or simply the phi function. In 1879, J. J. Sylvester coined the term totient for this function, [14] [15] so it is also referred to as Euler's totient function, the Euler totient, or Euler's totient. Jordan's totient is a generalization of Euler's. The cototient of n is defined as n − φ(n).

  7. Integration using Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler's...

    Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely and and then integrated. This technique is often simpler and faster than using trigonometric identities or integration by parts , and is sufficiently powerful to integrate any rational expression involving trigonometric functions.

  8. Euler's factorization method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_factorization_method

    Euler's factorization method is a technique for factoring a number by writing it as a sum of two squares in two different ways. For example the number 1000009 {\displaystyle 1000009} can be written as 1000 2 + 3 2 {\displaystyle 1000^{2}+3^{2}} or as 972 2 + 235 2 {\displaystyle 972^{2}+235^{2}} and Euler's method gives the factorization ...

  9. Eulerian path - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulerian_path

    This is known as Euler's Theorem: A connected graph has an Euler cycle if and only if every vertex has an even number of incident edges. The term Eulerian graph has two common meanings in graph theory. One meaning is a graph with an Eulerian circuit, and the other is a graph with every vertex of even degree.