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Caffeine keeps you awake by blocking adenosine receptors. Each type of adenosine receptor has different functions, although with some overlap. [3] For instance, both A 1 receptors and A 2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A 2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. [4]
In the heart, A 1 receptors play roles in electrical pacing (chronotropy and dromotropy), fluid balance, local sympathetic regulation, and metabolism. [ 9 ] When bound by adenosine, A 1 receptors inhibit impulses generated in supraventricular tissue ( SA node , AV node ) and the Bundle of His / Purkinje system , leading to negative chronotropy ...
The A 1 receptors couple to G i/o and decrease cAMP levels, while the A 2 adenosine receptors couple to G s, which stimulates adenylate cyclase activity. In addition, A 1 receptors couple to G o , which has been reported to mediate adenosine inhibition of Ca 2+ conductance, whereas A 2B and A 3 receptors also couple to G q and stimulate ...
In the human heart, adenosine functions as an autacoid in the regulation of various cardiac functions such as heart rate, contractility, and coronary flow. There are currently four types of adenosine receptors found in the heart. [19]
The adenosine A2A receptor has also been shown to play a regulatory role in the adaptive immune system. In this role, it functions similarly to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic t-lymphocyte associated protein-4 ( CTLA-4 ) receptors, namely to suppress immunologic response and prevent associated tissue damage.
Adenosine A 3 receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that couple to Gi/Gq and are involved in a variety of intracellular signaling pathways and physiological functions. It mediates a sustained cardioprotective function during cardiac ischemia, it is involved in the inhibition of neutrophil degranulation in neutrophil-mediated tissue injury, it has been implicated in both neuroprotective and ...
136 11541 Ensembl ENSG00000170425 ENSMUSG00000018500 UniProt P29275 Q60614 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000676 NM_007413 RefSeq (protein) NP_000667 NP_031439 Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 15.95 – 15.98 Mb Chr 11: 62.14 – 62.16 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse The adenosine A 2B receptor, also known as ADORA2B, is a G-protein coupled adenosine receptor, and also denotes the human ...
P1 receptors are preferentially activated by adenosine and P2Y receptors are preferentially more activated by ATP. P1 and P2Y receptors are known to be widely distributed in the brain, heart, kidneys, and adipose tissue. Xanthines (e.g. caffeine) specifically block adenosine receptors, and are known to induce a stimulating effect to one's behavior.