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Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. [2] Gestational diabetes generally results in few symptoms; [2] however, obesity increases the rate of pre-eclampsia, cesarean sections, and embryo macrosomia, as well as gestational diabetes. [2]
It is also inversely related to the gestational age at first exposure. The comorbidities associated with pregestational type 2 diabetes include advanced maternal age, lipid peroxidation and obesity. [5] Overweight women (BMI ≥ 25) who develop gestational diabetes have an intermediate risk for malformations. Pregnant women who have gestational ...
[36] [34] During pregnancy the placenta concentrates B 12, so that newborn infants have a higher serum concentration than their mothers. [33] What the mother-to-be consumes during the pregnancy is more important than her liver tissue stores, as it is recently absorbed vitamin content that more effectively reaches the placenta.
Pre-gestational diabetes can be classified as Type 1 or Type 2 depending on the physiological mechanism. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder leading to destruction of insulin-producing cell in the pancreas; type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with obesity and results from a combination of insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.
Progesterone causes many changes to the genitourinary system. A pregnant woman may experience an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increase blood volume and vasculature. Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureter, which are normal. [33]
Miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy prior to 20 weeks. [43] [44] In the UK, miscarriage is defined as the loss of a pregnancy during the first 23 weeks. [45] Comprehensive support, consists of the consultation of the genomics as well as the provision of the medical or surgical operations required. The psychological relevance of family ...
The third trimester is defined as starting, between the beginning of week 28 (27 weeks + 0 days of GA) [36] or beginning of week 29 (28 weeks + 0 days of GA). [4] It lasts until childbirth . Timeline of pregnancy, including (from top to bottom): Trimesters, embryo/fetus development, gestational age in weeks and months, viability and maturity stages
Gestational diabetes resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all pregnancies and may improve or disappear after delivery. [68] It is recommended that all pregnant women get tested starting around 24–28 weeks gestation. [69]