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Early written Arabic used only rasm (in black). Later, i‘jām (in red) were added so that letters such as ṣād (ص) and ḍād (ض) could be distinguished. Ḥarakāt (in blue)—which is used in the Qur'an but not in most written Arabic—indicate short vowels, long consonants, and some other vocalizations.
The Arabic alphabet, [a] or the Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, [ b ] of which most have contextual letterforms.
"Arabic" = Letters used in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and most regional dialects. "Farsi" = Letters used in modern Persian. FW = Foreign words: the letter is sometimes used to spell foreign words. SV = Stylistic variant: the letter is used interchangeably with at least one other letter depending on the calligraphic style.
Arabic diacritics include i'jam (in Arabic: إِعْجَام , ʾiʿǧām, consonant pointing marks), the combining forms of hamza ( الهَمْزة , (al-)hamzah, a semi-consonant which may occur as diacritics) and tashkil ( تَشْكِيل , taškīl, vowel pointing diacritics).
If the consonant takes a kasrah /i/, it is written between the consonant and the shaddah instead of its usual place below the consonant, however this last case is an exclusively Arabic language practice, not in other languages that use the Arabic script. For example, see the location of the diacritics on the letter ـهـ h in the following words:
Many scripts in Unicode, such as Arabic, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms.In English, the common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters e and t (spelling et, Latin for and) were combined. [1]
The shape and position of diacritic is very important. There are 7 diacritics in Rohingya Arabic Alphabet, which include the Sukun diacritic (zero-vowel), the 3 diacritics inherited from Arabic, representing sounds /a/, /i/, and /u/, as well as three new diacritics unique to Rohingya, representing vowel sounds /ɔ~ɑ/, /e/, and /o/. All of ...
When a letter was at the end of a word, it often developed an end loop, and as a result most Arabic letters have two or more shapes, so for example n ن and y ي have different shapes at the end of the words ( ـي , ـن ) but they have the same linked initial and medial shapes ( يـ , نـ ) as b, t, and ṯ ( بـ , تـ and ثـ ), the ...