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PEM electrolysis has an electrical efficiency of about 80% in working application, in terms of hydrogen produced per unit of electricity used to drive the reaction. [18] [19] The efficiency of PEM electrolysis is expected to reach 82-86% [20] before 2030, while also maintaining durability as progress in this area continues at a pace. [21]
PEM fuel cells were used in the NASA Gemini series of spacecraft, but they were replaced by Alkaline fuel cells in the Apollo program and in the Space Shuttle. General Electric continued working on PEM cells and in the mid-1970s developed PEM water electrolysis technology for undersea life support, leading to the US Navy Oxygen Generating Plant.
The balance-of-plant system efficiency for methanol fueled HT-PEM fuel cell systems is typically between 35 and 45 % and can reach up to about 55 % depending on system design and operating conditions. Regarding cell efficiency up to 63 % can be reached.
PEM efficiency is expected to increase to approximately 86% [67] before 2030. Theoretical efficiency for PEM electrolysers is predicted up to 94%. [68] H 2 production cost ($-gge untaxed) at varying natural gas prices. As of 2020, the cost of hydrogen by electrolysis is around $3–8/kg. [69]
Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis is a technique by which proton-exchange membranes are used to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. [21] The proton-exchange membrane allows for the separation of produced hydrogen from oxygen, allowing either product to be exploited as needed.
High-pressure electrolysis is being investigated by the DOE for efficient production of hydrogen from water. The target total in 2005 is $4.75 per gge H 2 at an efficiency of 64%. [10] The total goal for the DOE in 2010 is $2.85 per gge H 2 at an efficiency of 75%. [11] As of 2005 the DOE provided a total of $1,563,882 worth of funding for ...
Both of these mechanisms can be seen in industrial practices at the cathode side of the electrolyzer where hydrogen evolution occurs. In acidic conditions, it is referred to as proton exchange membrane electrolysis or PEM, while in alkaline conditions it is referred to simply as alkaline electrolysis. Historically, alkaline electrolysis has ...
Ruthenium and platinum are often used together, if carbon monoxide (CO) is a product of the electro-chemical reaction as CO poisons the PEM and impacts the efficiency of the fuel cell. Due to the high cost of these and other similar materials, research is being undertaken to develop catalysts that use lower cost materials as the high costs are ...