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  2. Fumarate reductase (NADH) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarate_reductase_(NADH)

    In enzymology, a fumarate reductase (NADH) (EC 1.3.1.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction succinate + NAD + ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } fumarate + NADH + H + Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are succinate and NAD + , whereas its three products are fumarate , NADH , and H + .

  3. Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_standard...

    [10] While under standard conditions malate cannot reduce the more electronegative NAD +:NADH couple, in the cell the concentration of oxaloacetate is kept low enough that Malate dehydrogenase can reduce NAD + to NADH during the citric acid cycle. Fumarate + 2 H + + 2 e − → Succinate +0.03 [9] O 2 + 2H + + 2e − → H 2 O 2 +0.30

  4. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_di...

    The effects of the NAD + /NADH ratio are complex, controlling the activity of several key enzymes, including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. In healthy mammalian tissues, estimates of the ratio of free NAD + to NADH in the cytoplasm typically lie around 700:1; the ratio is thus favorable for oxidative reactions.

  5. Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD (P)+) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate-semialdehyde...

    The 4 substrates of this enzyme are succinate semialdehyde, NAD +, NADP +, and H 2 O, whereas its 4 products are succinate, NADH, NADPH, and H +. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.

  6. Electron transport chain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain

    Bacteria can use several different electron donors. When organic matter is the electron source, the donor may be NADH or succinate, in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase (similar to Complex I in mitochondria) or succinate dehydrogenase (similar to Complex II).

  7. Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate-semialdehyde_de...

    In enzymology, a succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) (EC 1.2.1.24) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction succinate semialdehyde + NAD + + H 2 O ⇌ succinate + NADH + 2 H + The 3 substrates of this enzyme are succinate semialdehyde , NAD + , and H 2 O , whereas its 3 products are succinate , NADH , and H + .

  8. Oxidative phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation

    Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, [6] while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs. These ATP yields are ...

  9. Glycerol phosphate shuttle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol_phosphate_shuttle

    The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is a mechanism used in skeletal muscle and the brain [1] that regenerates NAD + from NADH, a by-product of glycolysis. NADH is a reducing equivalent that stores electrons generated in the cytoplasm during glycolysis. NADH must be transported into the mitochondria to enter the oxidative phosphorylation pathway.