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Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English statesman, politician, and soldier, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in British history. He came to prominence during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, initially as a senior commander in the Parliamentarian army and latterly as a politician.
The Rule of the Major-Generals, was a period of direct military government from August 1655 to January 1657, [1] during Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate. [2] England and Wales were divided into ten regions, [3] each governed by a major-general who answered to the Lord Protector.
The Commonwealth period is better remembered for the military success of Thomas Fairfax, Oliver Cromwell, and the New Model Army. Besides resounding victories in the English Civil War , the reformed Navy under the command of Robert Blake defeated the Dutch in the First Anglo-Dutch War which marked the first step towards England's naval supremacy .
During this period, Oliver Cromwell also faced challenges in foreign policy. The First Anglo-Dutch War, which had broken out in 1652, against the Dutch Republic, was eventually won by Admiral Robert Blake in 1654. Having negotiated peace with the Dutch, Cromwell then proceeded to engage the Spanish Empire in warfare through his Western Design.
The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653) was the re-conquest of Ireland by the Commonwealth of England, led by Oliver Cromwell.It forms part of the 1641 to 1652 Irish Confederate Wars, and wider 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
In January 1655, Cromwell dissolved the first Protectorate Parliament, ushering in a period of military Rule of the Major-Generals. The Instruments of Government was replaced in May 1657 by England's second, and last, codified constitution, the Humble Petition and Advice .
A rare letter written by Oliver Cromwell in 1648 will be sold at an online auction in Edinburgh. In the letter, Cromwell discusses intimate family affairs such as his son’s marriage and the fate ...
By 865, Viking invaders had conquered all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms except Wessex, which survived under the rule of Alfred the Great (r. 871–899). [2] [3] Alfred's son Edward the Elder (r. 899–924) and grandson Æthelstan (r. 924–939) gradually expanded and consolidated their control over the rest of England. [4]