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The Cromwell tank was a British medium-weight tank first used in 1944, [179] and a steam locomotive built by British Railways in 1951 was named Oliver Cromwell. [180] Other public statues of Cromwell are the Statue of Oliver Cromwell, St Ives in Cambridgeshire [181] and the Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Warrington in Cheshire. [182]
The Rule of the Major-Generals, was a period of direct military government from August 1655 to January 1657, [1] during Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate. [2] England and Wales were divided into ten regions, [3] each governed by a major-general who answered to the Lord Protector.
The Commonwealth period is better remembered for the military success of Thomas Fairfax, Oliver Cromwell, and the New Model Army. Besides resounding victories in the English Civil War , the reformed Navy under the command of Robert Blake defeated the Dutch in the First Anglo-Dutch War which marked the first step towards England's naval supremacy .
During this period, Oliver Cromwell also faced challenges in foreign policy. The First Anglo-Dutch War, which had broken out in 1652, against the Dutch Republic, was eventually won by Admiral Robert Blake in 1654. Having negotiated peace with the Dutch, Cromwell then proceeded to engage the Spanish Empire in warfare through his Western Design.
The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653) was the re-conquest of Ireland by the Commonwealth of England, initially led by Oliver Cromwell. It forms part of the 1641 to 1652 Irish Confederate Wars , and wider 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms .
The English responded with an invasion led by Oliver Cromwell, resulting in defeats for the Scots at Dunbar and then at Worcester, opening the way for the English conquest of the country. Under the Tender of Union , Scotland was declared part of a Commonwealth with England and Ireland in 1652, but despite repeated attempts, an act was not ...
The overall outcome was threefold: the trial and execution of Charles I (1649); the exile of his son, Charles II (1651); and the replacement of English monarchy with, at first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then the Protectorate under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658).
Under the Instrument of Government passed by Parliament, Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653, effectively placing the British Isles under military rule. Charles lived a life of leisure at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris, [15] living on a grant from Louis XIV of 600 livres a month. [16]