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Conflicts of interest increase the likelihood of biases arising; they can harm the quality of research and the public good (even if disclosed). [3] Conflicts of interest can involve research sponsors, authors, journals, journal staff, publishers, and peer reviewers.
Expression is "the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is 'realized.'" [3] An expression of Beethoven's Ninth might be each draft of the musical score he writes down (not the paper itself, but the music thereby expressed). Manifestation is "the physical embodiment of an expression of a work. As an entity ...
The informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance and its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. [23] [24] Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. [23]
A conflict of interest exists if the circumstances are reasonably believed (on the basis of past experience and objective evidence) to create a risk that a decision may be unduly influenced by other, secondary interests, and not on whether a particular individual is actually influenced by a secondary interest. A widely used definition is: "A ...
It builds on historical research by Gould, [18] Biagioli, [19] Spier, [11] and Rip. [20] The first Peer Review Congress met in 1989. [21] Over time, the fraction of papers devoted to peer review has steadily declined, suggesting that as a field of sociological study, it has been replaced by more systematic studies of bias and errors. [2]
Practice for issuing expressions of concern is not standardized across the publishing industry. [2] The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors says in its 2019 recommendations that a publisher may choose to issue an expression of concern while an investigation of alleged scientific misconduct is ongoing, and pending its outcome. [3]
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Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth.