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Epidemics of the 19th century were faced without the medical advances that made 20th-century epidemics much rarer and less lethal. Micro-organisms (viruses and bacteria) had been discovered in the 18th century, but it was not until the late 19th century that the experiments of Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation conclusively, allowing germ theory and Robert ...
Others relied upon the minister-physicians, barber-surgeons, apothecaries, midwives, and ministers; a few used colonial physicians trained either in Britain, or an apprenticeship in the colonies. One common treatment was blood letting. [2] The method was crude due to a lack of knowledge about infection and disease among medical practitioners ...
A broad and common measure of the health of a population is its life expectancy. The life expectancy in 1850 of a White person in the United States was forty; for a slave, it was thirty-six. [ 1 ] Mortality statistics for Whites were calculated from census data; statistics for slaves were based on small sample-sizes.
Widespread non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included. An epidemic is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time; in meningococcal infections , an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered ...
Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century; 0–9. 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic; 1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak; 1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak;
Most common infectious diseases, such as those caused by microorganisms like staphylococcus and streptococcus cannot be seen in the bones. Tuberculosis and the two forms of syphilis are considered rare and their diagnosis via osteological analysis is controversial.
2015 Bronx Legionnaires' disease outbreaks; 2015 United States E. coli outbreak; 2015 United States H5N2 outbreak; 2016 United States Elizabethkingia outbreak; 2017–2018 United States flu season; 2018 United States adenovirus outbreak; 2019 New York measles outbreak; 2019 Pacific Northwest measles outbreak; 2019 United States hepatitis A outbreak
Disease was another leading cause of death, with rats and fleas being the common carriers of disease, specifically plagues, during this era. [9] The Black Death was a plague that affected much of the world, originating in Asia and spreading to Europe through diseased fleas and rats. This epidemic has been reported to have been the cause of ...