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The environmental impact of concrete, its manufacture, and its applications, are complex, driven in part by direct impacts of construction and infrastructure, as well as by CO 2 emissions; between 4-8% of total global CO 2 emissions come from concrete. [1]
Concrete waste that is rich in alkaline calcium compounds can be used to remove and recover various elements from an aqueous solution. Waste concrete has been used as a sorbent to remove phosphorus from wastewater after the removal of excess sludge in sewage treatment plants. [27] Concrete waste may also be used as an inexpensive gas treatment ...
The effects are more pronounced above the tidal zone than where the concrete is permanently submerged. In the submerged zone, magnesium and hydrogen carbonate ions precipitate a layer of brucite ( magnesium hydroxide : Mg(OH) 2 ), about 30 micrometers thick, on which a slower deposition of calcium carbonate as aragonite occurs.
As it depends on CO2 diffusion into the bulk of concrete, its rate depends on many parameters, such as environmental conditions and surface area exposed to the atmosphere. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Carbonation is particularly significant at the latter stages of the concrete life - after demolition and crushing of the debris.
This is a 300% increase, but it is important to note that since 2015 the EPA has kept records of how the waste is disposed of. In 2018, 600 million tons of waste was created due to construction and demolition, and 143 million tons of it resides in landfills. [ 2 ]
First, it’s important to understand that inflammation isn’t always bad. “Inflammation is one of the body’s key mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, acting as a natural response to ...
Science, technology, society and environment (STSE) education, originates from the science technology and society (STS) movement in science education.This is an outlook on science education that emphasizes the teaching of scientific and technological developments in their cultural, economic, social and political contexts.
Disappointed with the outcome and felt we were one of the 12 best teams in the country. We had an extremely challenging schedule and recognize there were two games in particular that we did not ...