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The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children. [5]
All of these organisms are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly (up to 14 days), prefer a carbon dioxide–enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children.
Rothia mucilaginosa is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, encapsulated, non-spore-forming and non-motile coccus, present in clusters, tetrads or pairs that is a part of the normal oropharyngeal flora. [3] Belonging to the family Micrococcaceae, it was first isolated from the mucous membrane of the cheek and gingiva. [4]
The dental plaque is made up of the microbial community that is adhered to the tooth surface; this plaque is also recognized as a biofilm.While it is said that this plaque is adhered to the tooth surface, the microbial community of the plaque is not directly in contact with the enamel of the tooth.
The predominant organisms are of oropharyngeal flora origin and include AGNB, Fusobacterium [17] and Peptostreptococcus spp. Anaerobes involve almost all dental infections. These include dental abscesses, [18] endodontal pulpitis and periodontal (gingivitis and periodontitis) infections, and perimandibular space infection.
The only other species of the Cardiobacterium genus is Cardiobacterium valvarum, known for the oropharyngeal flora and similar causative organism to infective endocarditis. [1] Therefore, Cardiobacterium valvarum is the organism's closest phylogenetic neighbor.
Fusobacterium necrophorum is a normal inhabitant of the oropharyngeal flora and can occasionally create a peritonsillar abscess. In one out of 400 untreated cases, Lemierre's syndrome occurs. [ 22 ]
Capnocytophaga spp. are fusiform Gram-negative bacilli, and are part of the oral commensal flora. Microscopic observation revealed a high degree of polymorphism, with a variation in the size and appearance depending on the strain and culture conditions. This polymorphism is also reflected in the observation of colonies (orange-pigmented ...