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T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer) is a series of large language models developed by Google AI introduced in 2019. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Like the original Transformer model, [ 3 ] T5 models are encoder-decoder Transformers , where the encoder processes the input text, and the decoder generates the output text.
A large language model (LLM) is a type of machine learning model designed for natural language processing tasks such as language generation. LLMs are language models with many parameters, and are trained with self-supervised learning on a vast amount of text. The largest and most capable LLMs are generative pretrained transformers (GPTs).
Llama (Large Language Model Meta AI, formerly stylized as LLaMA) is a family of large language models (LLMs) released by Meta AI starting in February 2023. [2] [3] The latest version is Llama 3.3, released in December 2024. [4] Llama models are trained at different parameter sizes, ranging between 1B and 405B. [5]
Unlike previous models, BERT is a deeply bidirectional, unsupervised language representation, pre-trained using only a plain text corpus. Context-free models such as word2vec or GloVe generate a single word embedding representation for each word in the vocabulary, whereas BERT takes into account the context for each occurrence of a given word ...
OpenAI o3 is a reflective generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) model developed by OpenAI as a successor to OpenAI o1. It is designed to devote additional deliberation time when addressing questions that require step-by-step logical reasoning. [1] [2] OpenAI released a smaller model, o3-mini, on January 31st, 2025. [3]
Cybercriminals have created large language models focused on fraud, including WormGPT and FraudGPT. [ 161 ] A 2023 study showed that generative AI can be vulnerable to jailbreaks, reverse psychology and prompt injection attacks, enabling attackers to obtain help with harmful requests, such as for crafting social engineering and phishing attacks ...
The model may output text that appears confident, though the underlying token predictions have low likelihood scores. Large language models like GPT-4 can have accurately calibrated likelihood scores in their token predictions, [33] and so the model output uncertainty can be directly estimated by reading out the token prediction likelihood scores.
Other than language models, Vision MoE [36] is a Transformer model with MoE layers. They demonstrated it by training a model with 15 billion parameters. MoE Transformer has also been applied for diffusion models. [37] A series of large language models from Google used MoE. GShard [38] uses MoE with up to top-2 experts per layer. Specifically ...