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[95] [96] However, the word machismo does resemble words in Spanish and Portuguese language which is why it is often associated with Spain and Portugal. For example, the use of caballerosidad and cavalheirismo , to mean only the positive characteristics of machismo, is imbued with feudal and colonial connotations relating to colonial power ...
The Ciganos were the object of fierce discrimination and persecution. [6] The number of Ciganos in Portugal is about 40,000 to 50,000 spread all over the country. [7] The majority of the Ciganos concentrate themselves in urban centers, where from the late 1990s to the 2000s, major public housing (bairros sociais) policies were targeted at them in order to promote social integration.
The Portuguese state began with the founding of the County of Portugal in 868. Following the Battle of São Mamede (1128), Portugal gained international recognition as a kingdom through the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum. This Portuguese state paved the way for the Portuguese people to unite as a nation. [90] [91] [92]
Portuguese expeditions may have attempted to colonize the Canary Islands as early as 1336, but the Crown of Castile objected to any Portuguese claim to them. Castile began its own conquest of the Canaries in 1402. Castile expelled the last Portuguese from the Canary islands in 1459, and they eventually became part of the Spanish Empire. [84]
The women's movement is considered to have started with the establishment of the Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas, which was founded in 1914 during the First Portuguese Republic. The electoral rule of the Portuguese Republic stated the right to vote for "Portuguese citizens over 21 years of age who could read and write and were heads ...
Blanqueamiento in Spanish, or branqueamento in Portuguese (both meaning whitening), is a social, political, and economic practice used in many post-colonial countries in the Americas and Oceania to "improve the race" (mejorar la raza) [1] towards a supposed ideal of whiteness. [2]
Women did not have rights in Francoist Spain. Women had civil obligations, where not being a responsible was a considered a crime. [4] Many of the laws imposed by the regime had roots in nineteenth century Spanish laws, and treated women as if their sex was a disability. [5]
Censorship was an essential element of Portuguese national culture throughout the country's history up until the Carnation Revolution in 1974. From its earliest history Portugal was subject to laws limiting freedom of expression.