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Ketone bodies are produced mainly in the mitochondria of liver cells, and synthesis can occur in response to an unavailability of blood glucose, such as during fasting. [4] Other cells, e.g. human astrocytes, are capable of carrying out ketogenesis, but they are not as effective at doing so. [6] Ketogenesis occurs constantly in a healthy ...
The 5:2 diet, a form of intermittent fasting, was first documented in a 2011 article co-authored by Michelle Harvie, Mattson, and 14 additional scientists. [10] [11] [12] The 5:2 does not follow a particular food pattern, but instead focuses entirely on calorie content. [13]
The actual inhibitor – (R)-(+)-etomoxir-Coenzym A ester – is formed in an intracellular process. The middle inhibitor concentration for the inhibition of the CPT-1 in the liver, heart, and muscle mitochondria of rats lies in between 5 and 20 nmol/l (for rac-Etomoxir), depending on the animal's state of metabolism (fed or fasting).
PPAR-alpha is activated under conditions of energy deprivation and is necessary for the process of ketogenesis, a key adaptive response to prolonged fasting. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Activation of PPAR-alpha promotes uptake, utilization, and catabolism of fatty acids by upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid transport, fatty acid binding and ...
FAST kinase domain-containing protein 2 (FASTKD2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FASTKD2 gene on chromosome 2. [5] [6] This protein is part of the FASTKD family, which is known for regulating the energy balance of mitochondria under stress. FASTKD2 has been implicated in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, breast cancer, and ...
Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a source of chemical energy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been discarded as unwanted byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by the proponents of the free-radical theory of aging ...