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Schematic figure of a Brownian ratchet. In the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, the Brownian ratchet or Feynman–Smoluchowski ratchet is an apparent perpetual motion machine of the second kind (converting thermal energy into mechanical work), first analysed in 1912 as a thought experiment by Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski. [1]
A ratchet consists of a round gear or a linear rack with teeth, and a pivoting, spring-loaded finger called a pawl (or click, in clocks and watches [1] [2]) that engages the teeth. The teeth are uniform but are usually asymmetrical, with each tooth having a moderate slope on one edge and a much steeper slope on the other edge.
A pawl is used in an anchor windlass to prevent a free-spooling chain by grabbing and snubbing an individual link. Similar mechanisms include a Devil's claw, or a claw and dog. Ratchet A pawl is used in combination with a ratchet gear in socket wrenches, bicycle freehubs, winches, ratchet reels for diving, fishing, and many other applications ...
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In engineering, a dog is a tool or part of a tool, such as a pawl, that prevents or imparts movement through physical engagement. [1] It may hold another object in place by blocking it, clamping it, or otherwise obstructing its movement.
Special education in the United States enables students with exceptional learning needs to access resources through special education programs. "The idea of excluding students with any disability from public school education can be traced back to 1893, when the Massachusetts Supreme Court expelled a student merely due to poor academic ability". [1]
A ratchet or rattle, more specifically, cog rattle [1] is a musical instrument of the percussion family and a warning/signaling device. It operates on the principle of the ratchet device , using a gearwheel and a stiff board mounted on a handle, which rotates freely.
The name, Geneva drive, is derived from the device's earliest application in mechanical watches, which were popularized in Geneva. [1] The mechanism is frequently used in mechanical watches , since it can be made on a small scale and is able to withstand substantial mechanical stress.