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People have been mining and using lead for thousands of years. [4] Descriptions of lead poisoning date to at least 200 BC, [4] while efforts to limit lead's use date back to at least the 16th century. [5] Concerns for low levels of exposure began in the 1970s with there being no safe threshold for lead exposure. [2] [4] [19]
Blood lead level (BLL), is a measure of the amount of lead in the blood. [1] [2] Lead is a toxic heavy metal and can cause neurological damage, especially among children, at any detectable level. High lead levels cause decreased vitamin D and haemoglobin synthesis as well as anemia, acute central nervous system disorders, and possibly death. [3]
[1] [2] It can be caused by severe dehydration or blood loss. [3] [2] Hypovolemic shock is a medical emergency; if left untreated, the insufficient blood flow can cause damage to organs, leading to multiple organ failure. [4]
In regards to short-term exposure (2 hours), every 25 μg/m 3 of PM 2.5 resulted in a 48% increase of CVD mortality risk. [59] In addition, after only 5 days of exposure, a rise in systolic (2.8 mmHg) and diastolic (2.7 mmHg) blood pressure occurred for every 10.5 μg/m 3 of PM 2.5 . [ 59 ]
During a pool party in Mexico in 2013, eight party-goers were rendered unconscious and one 21-year-old male went into a coma after liquid nitrogen was poured into the pool. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Occasional deaths are reported from recreational inhalation of helium, but these are very rarely from direct inhalation from small balloons.
The most commonly associated symptoms of jaundice are itchiness, [2] pale feces, and dark urine. [4] Normal levels of bilirubin in blood are below 1.0 mg/dl (17 μmol/L), while levels over 2–3 mg/dl (34–51 μmol/L) typically result in jaundice. [4] [9] High blood bilirubin is divided into two types: unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin. [10]
Reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase. Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD +.It converts pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, to lactate when oxygen is absent or in short supply, and it performs the reverse reaction during the Cori cycle in the liver.
One study found that male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. [34] Another measured a loss of life of 6.8 years. [35] Each cigarette that is smoked is estimated to shorten life by an average of 11 minutes, though this may vary slightly on the contents and brand.