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Autophagy (or autophagocytosis; from the Greek αὐτόφαγος, autóphagos, meaning "self-devouring" [1] and κύτος, kýtos, meaning "hollow") [2] is the natural, conserved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism. [3]
The lysosomal membrane protects the cytosol, and therefore the rest of the cell, from the degradative enzymes within the lysosome. The cell is additionally protected from any lysosomal acid hydrolases that drain into the cytosol, as these enzymes are pH-sensitive and do not function well or at all in the alkaline environment of the cytosol ...
The autophagic process is divided into five distinct stages: Initiation, phagophore nucleation, autophagosomal formation (elongation), autophagosome-lysosome fusion (autophagolysosome) and cargo degradation. [1] An autophagosome is a spherical structure with double layer membranes. [2]
The degraded molecules need to be delivered to the cytoplasm; however, this will not be possible if the molecules are not hydrolyzed in the lysosome. [3] Autophagic intracellular digestion is processed in the cell, which means it digests the internal molecules. [3] Functions of autophagy
Cuervo, AM (13 July 2011). "Chaperone-mediated autophagy: Dice's 'wild' idea about lysosomal selectivity". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 12 (8): 535– 41. doi:10.1038/nrm3150. PMID 21750569. S2CID 23128629. Kaushik, S; Cuervo, AM (2009). "Chapter 19 Methods to Monitor Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy". Autophagy in Mammalian Systems, Part ...
The WASH complex is an important component in autophagy and endosome function. [9] It helps form actin patches on endosomal membranes to facilitate their transport to the TGN. [ 8 ] The C-terminus of VPS35 binds the WASH complex; through the retromer, this interaction helps distinguish which proteins are retrieved from the TGN.
This glycoprotein provides selectins with carbohydrate ligands. It may play a role in tumor cell metastasis. It may also function in the protection, maintenance, and adhesion of the lysosome. Alternative splicing of the gene produces three variants - LAMP-2A, LAMP-2B and LAMP-2C. [5] LAMP-2A is the receptor for chaperone-mediated autophagy ...
TFEB is a master gene for lysosomal biogenesis. [7] It encodes a transcription factor that coordinates expression of lysosomal hydrolases, membrane proteins and genes involved in autophagy.