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Medical use liquid oxygen airgas tanks are typically 2.4 MPa (350 psi). [citation needed] All equipment coming into contact with high pressure oxygen must be "oxygen clean" and "oxygen compatible", to reduce the risk of fire. [3] [4] "Oxygen clean" means the removal of any substance that could act as a source of ignition. "Oxygen compatible ...
Most humans can function at rest with an oxygen level of 15% at one atmosphere pressure; [1] a fuel such as methane is combustable down to 12% oxygen in nitrogen. A small room of 10 meter 3 has 2.08 meter 3 (2080 liters) or 2.99 kg of oxygen which would occupy 2.62 liters if it was liquid. [2]
The endurance of the cylinder can be calculated from the volume, pressure and breathing rate of the user. The formula: volume (in liters) × pressure (in bars) / 40 (litres per minute) - 10 minutes (the 10 minutes is a safety margin, or reserve), so a 6-liter cylinder, of 300 bar, is 6 × 300 / 40 - 10 = 35 minutes working duration.
Oxygen storage methods include high-pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °C (68 °F). [20]
The pressure vessel is a seamless cylinder normally made of cold-extruded aluminum or forged steel. [5] Filament wound composite cylinders are used in fire fighting breathing apparatus and oxygen first aid equipment because of their low weight, but are rarely used for diving, due to their high positive buoyancy.
Since the early 2000s, many companies have produced portable oxygen concentrators. [13] Typically, these devices produce the equivalent of one to five liters per minute of continuous oxygen flow and they use some version of pulse flow or "demand flow" to deliver oxygen only when the patient is inhaling. [14]
By the 21st century one of the popular oxygen systems on Mount Everest used carbon-fiber reinforced aluminum bottles, with a 3-liter cylinder of oxygen weighing 7 pounds (3.2 kg) (3.2 kg) when filled up at 3,000 pounds per square inch (210 bar). [42]
The actual scientifically valid change in temperature from 32 to 96 °F is by a factor of 1.13 (308.71/273.15), not 3. If an air cylinder is pressurized to 4,500 psi at 96 °F and later the temperature drops to 32 °F, the pressure gauge will indicate 4,000 psi (4,500/1.13).