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  2. Roman abacus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_abacus

    The longer slot with five beads below the Ө position allowed for the counting of 1/12 of a whole unit called an uncia (from which the English words inch and ounce are derived), making the abacus useful for Roman measures and Roman currency. The first column was either a single slot with 4 beads or 3 slots with one, one and two beads ...

  3. Abacus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus

    An abacus (pl. abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1] An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar objects). In their ...

  4. Chisanbop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisanbop

    Therefore each hand can represent the digits 0-9, rather than the usual 0-5. The two hands combine to represent two digits; the right hand is the ones place, and the left hand is the tens place. This way, any number from 0 to 99 can be shown, and it's possible to count up to 99 instead of just 10.

  5. Strigil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigil

    Bronze strigil (Roman, 1st century AD, Walters Art Museum The strigil (Latin: strigilis) or stlengis (Ancient Greek: στλεγγίς, probably a loanword from the Pre-Greek substrate) is a tool for the cleansing of the body by scraping off dirt, perspiration, and oil that was applied before bathing in Ancient Greek and Roman cultures.

  6. Abacus school - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus_School

    Abacus school is a term applied to any Italian school or tutorial after the 13th century, whose commerce-directed curriculum placed special emphasis on mathematics, such as algebra, among other subjects. [1] These schools sprang up after the publication of Fibonacci's Book of the Abacus and his introduction of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.

  7. Tessera - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessera

    Ancient Roman decorative mosaic panels and floor mosaics were also produced during the 2nd century BC, particularly at sites such as Pompeii. Marble or limestone were cut into small cubes and arranged into representational designs and geometric patterns. Later, tesserae were made from colored glass, or clear glass backed with metal foils.

  8. Liber Abaci - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci

    The book describes methods of doing calculations without aid of an abacus, and as Ore (1948) confirms, for centuries after its publication the algorismists (followers of the style of calculation demonstrated in Liber Abaci) remained in conflict with the abacists (traditionalists who continued to use the abacus in conjunction with Roman numerals).

  9. Counting board - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_board

    The counting board is the precursor of the abacus, [1] and the earliest known form of a counting device (excluding fingers and other very simple methods). Counting boards were made of stone or wood, and the counting was done on the board with beads, pebbles etc. [ 2 ] Not many boards survive because of the perishable materials used in their ...