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The Mughal empire had developed relationships with Europeans such as British, Portuguese, Russia, and France. Mughal relations with the British in the 16th century were quite difficult, as local Mughal officials usually exploited the East India Company, who responded the Mughal's harmful policies towards the British interest with harassing the Mughal vessels at the sea. [8]
Diplomatic relations continued to be maintained between the Safavid and Mughal courts until the end of Akbar's reign. [139] Qandahar continued to remain in Mughal possession, and the Hindukush was the empire's western frontier for several decades until Shah Jahan 's expedition into Badakhshan in 1646.
The Mughal Empire had strong leaders, however, very different in approach and strategy. Akbar was known for his tolerance towards unorthodox Muslims and Hindus. The Akbarnama , a book written by Abu’l Fazl on the life and rule of Akbar, gives a lot of evidence on how Hinduism was viewed and explained by the Muslims.
The later Mughals followed Akbar but violation of his policy went unabated many a times leading to the complete downfall of the theory of "divine religion" propounded by Akbar during the regnal years of Aurangzeb. [1] Abu'l-Fazl, one of the disciples of Din-i-Ilahi, presenting Akbarnama to Akbar, Mughal miniature.
In contrast to Akbar, Jahangir came into conflict with non-Muslim religious leaders, notably the Sikh guru Arjan, whose execution was the first of many conflicts between the Mughal Empire and the Sikh community. [30] [31] [32] Group portrait of Mughal rulers, from Babur to Aurangzeb, with the Mughal ancestor Timur seated in the middle
The Court of Akbar, an illustration from a manuscript of the Akbarnama. The Ain-i-Akbari (Persian: آئینِ اکبری), or the "Administration of Akbar", is a 16th-century detailed document regarding the administration of the Mughal Empire under Emperor Akbar, written by his court historian, Abu'l Fazl, in the Persian language. [1]
The Portuguese governor António de Noronha then signed a treaty with Akbar, officially establishing bilateral relations between Portugal and the Moghal Empire. [1] Hostilities usually broke out because of diplomatic blunders, Portuguese support of the Maratha Empire [citation needed] or steadfast Portuguese rejection of Mughal demands for tribute.
The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.